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Sputnik 3
''Sputnik 3'' ((ロシア語:Спутник-3), ''Satellite 3'') was a Soviet satellite launched on May 15, 1958 from Baikonur cosmodrome by a modified R-7/SS-6 ICBM. It was a research satellite to explore the upper atmosphere and the near space and carried a large array of instruments for geophysical research.
''Sputnik 3'' was the only Soviet satellite launched in 1958. Like its American counterpart, ''Vanguard 1'', ''Sputnik 3'' had succeeded in making it into orbit during the IGY.〔Green, Constance McLaughlin, and Lomax, Milton.. ''Vanguard a History'', Washington D.C., National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1970, p. 219. NASA SP-4202〕
== History ==
In July 34the Soviet Union's OKB-1 drafted a project to design and build the first Earth satellite, designated ISZ (Artificial Earth Satellite). ISZ was known to its designers as "Object D."〔Siddiqi, Asif A.. ''Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge'', Gainesville, Florida. The University of Florida Press, 2003, p. 176. ISBN 0-8130-2627-X〕 Design of Object D had begun in January 1956 with intent to launch it during the International Geophysical Year.〔Siddiqi, Asif A.. ''Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge'', Gainesville, Florida. The University of Florida Press, 2003, p. 149. ISBN 0-8130-2627-X〕 Object D was planned to be the first satellite launched by the Soviet Union but ended up being the third following delays due to problems developing the extensive scientific experiments and their telemetry system.〔Harford, James.. ''Korolev how one man masterminded the Soviet drive to beat America to the Moon'', New York. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997, p. 126. ISBN 0-471-14853-9〕 The new R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile, also known by its GURVO designation 8K71,〔Zaloga, Stephen J.. ''The Kremlin's Nuclear Sword'', Washington. The Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002, p. 232. ISBN 1-58834-007-4〕 was ready to launch before Object D was finished. Worried at the prospect of America launching a satellite before he did, Sergei Korolev substituted the relatively simple "Prosteyshiy ''Sputnik-1''" meaning "Simple Satellite 1", or ''PS-1'', which was labeled ''Sputnik 1'' by the Soviet Government, as the first satellite to be launched instead. The ''Sputnik 2'' (''PS-2'') was also ready and launched earlier than Object D.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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